National Emission Inventories
Available data on heavy metal emissions were collected, corrected and completed. Emissions from power plants, oil boilers in households, sintering, production of various metals, coke, steel and cement, road transport and waste disposal have been analysed.| To see and copy the detailed emission data bases, please click here: |
Year 2000 base scenario: Initial model calculations based on official emission inventories resulted in a significant underestimation of modelled concentrations and depositions, when compared with measurements. These issues have been thorougly discussed, e.g. in the frame of a workshop by the UNECE Task Force Measurements and Modelling (TFMM) in Moscow in October 2005, with the aim to evaluate and validate the HM and POP models of MSC-E. In parallel and in close cooperation with MSC-E, following the need to improve the quality and accuracy of the inventories for modelling, NILU has led the activity within ESPREME to systematically review and improve the emission datasets for the base case 2000 as well as for future scenarios. Within the project, it was shown, that these improvements lead to a much better agreement between measurement and model output on concentrations respectively depositions.
Year 2010 emission scenarios: Emissions for stationary sources were calculated by NILU while for road transport new calculations by IER have been added. They include not only updated Pb emissions from gasoline combustion on a national resolution but also non-exhaust emissions from tyres and break wear. However, no measures to reduce transport emissions have been taken into account. Therefore values out of this sector for the MFTR scenario and BAU scenario are identical. Both scenarios BAU 2010 and MFTR 2010 assume that the targets of the Kyoto Protocol will be fulfilled. In the MFTR scenario some additional measures (cf. Scenario Assumptions) were implemented for stationary sources.
Allocation of emissions: For the chemical transport models of MSC-East, the grographical as well as the temporal resolution of the national annual emission inventories needs to be improved. The spatial allocation of country total emissions in Europe is usually based on nationally reported distributions or population density maps. Within ESPREME the improvement of spatially resolved heavy metal emissions was realised by integrating the country total emissions into the European scale IER emission model that was developed for gaseous air pollutants within the EUROTRAC-2 subproject GENEMIS and the German Tropospheric Research Programme TFS. To allocate the national emissions to the EMEP 50 km grid, data on population statistics, land use, road maps, rail maps and point source coverages were used. The inclusion of calculated heavy metal emissions was done by disaggregating the country totals for different main sectors to the detailed source groups and administrative units using the IER emission database. With this data, the height of the emission sources were estimated and divided into 3 categories.
The chemical transport model of MSC-East is also able to work with temporally resolved data. Therefore, more than 300 source specific temporal profiles were developed and assigned to the source groups as hourly shares of annual emissions to provide temporally resolved emission maps. Temperature dependence was taken into account for small combustion plants based on European scale temperature data provided by MSC-E.
Year 2010 emission scenarios: Emissions for stationary sources were calculated by NILU while for road transport new calculations by IER have been added. They include not only updated Pb emissions from gasoline combustion on a national resolution but also non-exhaust emissions from tyres and break wear. However, no measures to reduce transport emissions have been taken into account. Therefore values out of this sector for the MFTR scenario and BAU scenario are identical. Both scenarios BAU 2010 and MFTR 2010 assume that the targets of the Kyoto Protocol will be fulfilled. In the MFTR scenario some additional measures (cf. Scenario Assumptions) were implemented for stationary sources.
Allocation of emissions: For the chemical transport models of MSC-East, the grographical as well as the temporal resolution of the national annual emission inventories needs to be improved. The spatial allocation of country total emissions in Europe is usually based on nationally reported distributions or population density maps. Within ESPREME the improvement of spatially resolved heavy metal emissions was realised by integrating the country total emissions into the European scale IER emission model that was developed for gaseous air pollutants within the EUROTRAC-2 subproject GENEMIS and the German Tropospheric Research Programme TFS. To allocate the national emissions to the EMEP 50 km grid, data on population statistics, land use, road maps, rail maps and point source coverages were used. The inclusion of calculated heavy metal emissions was done by disaggregating the country totals for different main sectors to the detailed source groups and administrative units using the IER emission database. With this data, the height of the emission sources were estimated and divided into 3 categories.
The chemical transport model of MSC-East is also able to work with temporally resolved data. Therefore, more than 300 source specific temporal profiles were developed and assigned to the source groups as hourly shares of annual emissions to provide temporally resolved emission maps. Temperature dependence was taken into account for small combustion plants based on European scale temperature data provided by MSC-E.